      ࠬ  ப
 ___________________________________________________________

      ਢ    祭 ࠬ஢ 
ப ⨫ MAKE. ,  ॣ 㪢 (孨 
)  稬;  ࠬ -d   -
  ࠬ -D.

 ࠬ⢨

 -?  -h뤠⨭ଠ樮 ᮮ饭.   ⮡ࠦ
⠭ ࠬ, 묨  ᫥  
. (    ⠭묨.)

 -a⢫ ஢  ᨬ⥩   ꥪ
䠩.



 -B⢫  ४  १-
 䠩  ᨬ   ᮧ 䠩

     -D<>।  䨪  -
,   ⢥ ᨬ 1 ().

     -D<>=<> । 멨䨪 <>
 ப,  ᫥  ࠢ⢠.  ப  -
 ᮤঠ  ஡,   ⠡樨.

     -f<䠩>ᯮ <䠩>  ⢥ 䠩 -
ᠭ  ⨫ MAKE.  ᫨ <䠩>     
 ७  䠩,  ⨫ MAKE ⠥ -
 䠩 FILENAME.MAK.

     -i ஢ ()  室  믮塞
ணࠬ.  த 믮  ᨬ   -
室.  ⭮ ᥭ  '-' । ᥬ -
  䠩 ᠭ  ⨫ MAKE (ᠭ ).

 -I<>⢫   砥 䠩   㪠
४ਨ ( ⠪  ⥪饩 ४ਨ).

 -K࠭ (  ࠥ) ६ 䠩, ᮧ
⨫⮩ MAKE. ६  䠩   ଠ
MAKE<nnnn>.$$$,   <nnnn> 室   
 0000   9999. ⥫쭠 ଠ  -
 䠩 ਢ   ⮩ .

 -n⮡ࠦ ,    믮   ⢨-
⥫쭮. ⮮뢠     ⫠
䠩 ᠭ  ⨫ MAKE.

 -s ⮡ࠦ  ।  믮. 筮
⨫ MAKE ⮡ࠦ  ,  
 믮.

 -S㦠 ⨫  MAKE    ਢ믮
.   ⢥  㬥蠥  ᯮ짮
 ⨫⮩ MAKE,  ஢ 祭
訥  ࠧࠬ 㫨.

 -U<>⬥    ࠭  ᠭﭠ
䨪.

 -W   䠩 MAKE.EXE    騩 -
 ப ࠬ (⨯ -s  -a).
   ⮩ ਬ ᯮ짮 ⨫ MAKE

      ⢥ ࢮ ਬ ᯮ짮  ⨫  MAKE
⨬   ,    易  ணࠬ஢.
।,      ,  ।⠥  ࠭
   ⮩ "㪮"  ⤥쭮 䠩.  ( 
楫 ⮣ ਬ ।,      筮
⪠:  ᮤন  , ᮤঠ騥  䠩CHAP1.
MSS,  CHAP2.MSS  CHAP3.MSS).   ᮧ ⥪饣 ஥
⮩      ய᪠     १ ணࠬ
ଠ஢   FORM.EXE,   ⥬    -
COPY (஢) DOS,  ⮡ ⥭஢ १-
 ଠ஢   䠩,  ᮤঠ騩    ୮,
ਬ:

 CHAP1.MSS --->  FORM.EXE --->CHAP1.TXT

 CHAP2.MSS --->FORM.EXE --->CHAP2.TXT --->COPY ---> Book.TXT

                           - 152 -

 CHAP3.MSS --->  FORM.EXE --->CHAP3.TXT

       ணࠬ஢,  ᠭ  ॡ ஬-
 業樨.   ᮧ    -
஢   ᪮쪮 䠩 㪮ᥩ,    -
,  ⮡   ⢫   ॣ ⮣,
  䠩 뫨 ஢.  㣮 ஭, 
   ய  १  ଠ⨧  -
䠩,    , । ꥤ   㣨
䠩.   ⨢ 砥    ᠬ  ᫥
ᨨ ୮ 襩 .

          ॡ騩    ६ ᯮᮡ
ࠧ襭 ⮩ ஡ 砥   ⮬,  ⮡  ᮧ
 () 䠩,  ⢫ ଠ-
஢   䠩 㪮.    ᮤঠ ᫥-
騥 :

 FORM CHAP1.MSS
 FORM CHAP2.MSS
 FORM CHAP3.MSS
 COPY /A CHAP1.TXT+CHAP2.TXT+CHAP3.TXT BOOK.TXT

      ⮣  䠩 ᥣ 㤥  ਢ 
ᮧ ᠬ ᫥ ᨨ 襩 . , ।-
,    ६ 蠪 ᫠,    ४-
   ࠧ ⠢ 15 .   ଠ-
ᥩ    ᪮筮 .

      ⠪ 樨    ਩  ⨫  MAKE.
 室  ᮧ 䠩 (筮   MAKEFILE),
ᮤঠ騩 㪠  ⨫ MAKE,    䠩 -
  䠩 BOOK.TXT,     ࠡ뢠.   䠩 㤥
ᮤঠ ࠢ,  ,  ᮧ 䠩 BOOK.
TXT   - 䠩,     .

      ਬ   ࠢ  襬 䠩 ᠭ
  ᫥饥:

 book.txt: chap1.txt chap2.txt chap3.txt
   copy /a chap1.txt+chap2.txt+chap3.txt book.txt

        ப?  ࢠ ப (稭 
book.txt:) ᮮ頥,  䠩 BOOK.TXT   ଠ-
 ⥪    .  ᫨ -  䠩-
,    䠩 BOOK.TXT,    
 ࠢ  ᠬ 䠩 BOOK.TXT,  ⨫ MAKE 
㤥 ४஢ BOOK.TXT,  믮  COPY, -
 室  ᫥饩 ப.

     , ⨬      뢠.    䠩
   䠩 ਯ (㪮) (䠩  -
७  MSS). ᫨   䠩 CHAP?.TXT 뢠
   ࠢ  ᮮ⢥騬 䠩  .MSS, 
室 ୮ ࠡ 䠩 .MSS.   ࠧ,  
䠩 ᠭ 室  ᫥騥 ப:

 chap1.txt: chap1.mss
    form chap1.mss

 chap2.txt: chap2.mss
    form chap2.mss

 chap3.txt: chap3.mss
    form chap3.mss


                           - 153 -
         ࠢ 뢠,   ଠ஢
(᫨   室)      ਣ쭮
䠩 㪮.

     ⨫ MAKE "",      䠩-
,     䠩, ।  -
 䠩.   ࠧ,  ᫨   䠩 CHAP3.MSS,
⨫ MAKE 뢠 筮 "⥫㠫쭮", -
  ଠ஢   3  ⮣,    㯨 
ꥤ .TXT 䠩  ᮧ BOOK.TXT.

         ⮬ ⮬ ਬ   -
⥫쭮 ᮢ襭⢮.   ࠢ  祬 
⫨ -  ⢨⥫쭮    ᪫祭
᫥ ᨬ    䠩. , 祢, -
    室   ࠢ, -
    㯠  ᮧ  .  ⮡ ࠧ
 ஡, ⨫ MAKE   ᮧ ⠪ -
 " ࠢ",  ஥ 뢠,  ᮧ
 ⨯ 䠩  ᭮  㣮,  ᯮ  ७
  䠩.    ⮬ 砥     ࠢ
     ࠢ:

 .mss.txt:
      form $*.mss

     ᪨,   ࠢ ⢥ত ᫥饥: "᫨
 室 ᤥ 䠩  䠩 .mss,  ⮡  ন-
  ⥪饥 ﭨ ଠ樨,  祭 室-
 ⢨".  ( ०  ४஢  ࢮ
ࠢ  - ,    ண ᮧ 䠩 book.txt,
⮡ ⨫ MAKE  ,  ⥭஢  
 १騩 䠩.  ࠢ,  ⠪ 㣨 ᫥-
騥 ࠢ, ᯮ . ᠭ ᮢ ਢ-
 .)

     ᫥ ⮣,    ᮧ 䠩 makefile  ᫨ 
 㦭 ४,   ᮧ ᠬ  ᨨ ୮-
   室   ⢥   DOS ᫥-
 : MAKE.
    䠩 ᠭ  ⨫ MAKE

      ணࠬ    "⨬" ணࠬ 䠩-
,  砥 䠩, 䠩 , ꥪ 䠩
 ⠪    室  ਬ ⥪⮮ࠡ⪨, -
  ⮫쪮  ᬮ७.  ᭮ ࠧ稥 -
  ⮬,  ᯮ㥬   ࠧ ⠤ ࠡ-
      뢠   ९,   ,
ᥬ   騪  ଠ⨧ ⥪  -
 COPY DOS.    ஡  ஠㥬  
ᮧ  䠩  ᠭ  -  䠩,   㪠뢠
ணࠬ MAKE,  믮 ࠡ.

      ᠭ ᮤন ᠭ ⭮襭, 室
ணࠬ  MAKE  ঠ ᠬ ᫥ ᨩ 
ணࠬ.    ᮧ 室 ᫮ 䠩 -
ᠭ   ᢠ  ந ;  MAKEFILE ।-
⠢ ᮡ  ᯮ㥬  㬮砭 ,  ஥
ਥ  ⨫  MAKE,  ᫨   ᪥  䠩
ᠭ  .

      ᠭ   ᮧ    ⥪-
 ।,  ন ASCII ଠ, ਬ,
஥ । ⥬ TurboC++,  ।஢  Sprint,
MicroStar  SideKick. ࠢ, ᠭ  ४⨢ -
 殬 ப.  ᫨ ப  ᫨誮 -
,    த  ᫥饩 ப, ⨢

                           - 154 -
 ⥪饩 ப  ⢥ ᫥ ᨬ  -
 (\).

      ࠧ  ᥤ 䨪஢ (ਬ, 
 ᫥⥫쭮⥩)    ୮ -
㯠    ࠢ ᫥ 짮 ஡묨
ᨬ (஡   ⠡樨).
    䠩 ᠭ

      䠩  ᠭ  ࠢ 筮 -
 ணࠬ,  ⠪   ᮤন ᠭ,    -
४⨢.   ᫥ 樨,  ⨬ 
䠩 ᠭ:

 *    ਨ;

 *     ࠢ;

 *     ࠢ;

 *    ம।;

 *    ४⨢:

      *    ४⨢ 祭 䠩;

      *    ४⨢ ᫮ 믮;

      *    ४⨢ 㦥 訡;

      *    ४⨢ ⬥ ம।.

       ⠫쭮 ᬮਬ    ⥣਩.

      ਨ
 ____________________________________________________________

     ਨ 稭   ᨬ  (#); ⠢
 ப,  ᫥  ᨬ #, ⨫ MAKE -
. ਨ  ࠧ      -
 稭  - । ⮫.

     ⭠  (\)  த ਩  ᫥-
饩 ப;   ⮣,  ᫥   ᫥饩
ப ᯮ짮 ᨬ #. ᪨,  ப  -
ਥ   ᬮ ᯮ짮 ᨬ (\)  ⢥ ᨬ-
 த.  ᫨ ⭠类 ।   #,
      ᫥ ᨬ  ப; ᫨
 ᫥   #,    .

      ਢ뭥 ਬ ਥ    䠩
MAKEFILE:

 #  ᠭ  ᮧ 

 #  䠩  䠩 BOOK.TXT  ࠧ, 
 #    .MSS 䠩

 #   ࠢ  ᮧ
 # 䠩 BOOK.TXT   . ⬥ 稥 ப
 # த

 book.txt: chap1.txt chap2.txt chap3.txt\
   chap4.txt chap5.txt chap6.txt
   copy /a chap1.txt+chap2.txt+chap3.txt chap4.txt+\
   chap5.txt+chap6.txt book.txt


                           - 155 -
 #  ࠢ  ଠ஢ ⤥ 
 .mss.txt:
      form $*.mss

       砭:  ᠭ    ࠢ -
       ᫥ ᠭ 
 ᪨ 

      ,  ⠪     ࠢ (뢠 )
 ᮤঠ ᯨ᪨ .   ࠧ 뢠,
   ࠡ뢠 ணࠬ MAKE.

       ᯨ᪥  稭 ᫥騬 ᨭ⠪-
᪨ ࠢ:

      [<䨪>...]<⥫->

        ᯨ᪥  ⮨  (易⥫-
) ᯨ᪠ 䨪ᮢ,   ᫥ ⥫ ⢥
.

      䨪
 ___________________________________________________________

     ᯮ짮    ⨬ 䨪ᮢ -
    ⨫⮩ MAKE.  䨪ᮬ -
  ᨬ @,    (-),   ।-
⢥ ᫥ - ᫮.

 䨪ᅣ ⢨

 @뢠 ⨫ MAKE  ⮡ࠦ  ।
 믮. ⮡ࠦ  ⢫ 
 ⮬ 砥, ᫨   ப ⨫ MAKE
   ࠬ -s.  䨪 ਬ
⮫쪮  ⥬ , । 묨  -
.

 -<num> 뢠 ﭨ   ,  ⨫ MAKE -
   室.᫨  猪-
᫮ <num>,   ⨫ MAKE ४頥 ࠡ
⮫쪮   ⮬ 砥,  ᫨ 祭멪 室
ॢ蠥  ᫮.   ਬ ⨫
MAKE ४頥  ࠡ ⮫쪮 ⮬ 砥, ᫨
 室 ॢ蠥 4:

-4myprog sample.x

᫨ 䨪  -<num>  ,   室 -
 㫥,  ⨫ MAKE ४頥 ࠡ-
  㤠 ⥪騩 १騩 䠩.

       砭:   室  祭ﬨ, -
         믮塞묨  ( -
      ࠬ).

 -᫨   ,     -
, ⨫ MAKE ᮢᥬ  㤥 ஢ 
室.   ᨬ   室 믮
⨫ MAKE 㤥 த.








                           - 156 -

       
 ___________________________________________________________

         筮 ⠪,   ᫨
  뫠   ⢥  ப  맮 -
    COMMAND.COM   ᪫祭 ⮣,  
ᨬ ୮ ࠡ⪨ (\!)  ন.

        ࠬ ७祭  <,  >    >>,
⨫ MAKE   <<  &&.    
ᮧ   室    ᮧ  䠩  
⨢  浪.    << ᮧ ६ 䠩 
७砥 ⮪ ⠭⭮    ⠪  -
,   㯠  ᮧ 䠩. ᫨   -
 ணࠬ,  ᪠    ⮪ stdin,
 

 myprog <<!
   
 !

     㤥 ᮧ ६ 䠩,  ᮤঠ騩 ப "
  \n",    ⮪ 室 ଠ樨
 ணࠬ myprog.  ᪫⥫  (!) ।⠢
ᮡ   ਬ ࠧ⥫;        ⢥
ࠧ⥫    ⮣ 䠩 ᯮ짮  ᨬ
 ᪫祭 ᨬ # \.ࢠ ப, 砫 ᨬ-
  ன   ᨬ ࠧ⥫,  蠥 
䠩. ⠫쭠  ப, ᫥  ᨬ ࠧ-
⥫  (  ਬ,  ᪫⥫  ) ⠥
 ।饩 .

      && 祭  <<.  ᮧ ६-
 䠩,    ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ  䠩 ⠭-
 ⮪   㪠 , &&  -
    ६  䠩.   뢠  
砥,  ᫨  , ⮡ ⨫MAKE ᮧ 䠩, -
     ᯮ짮  ⢥ 筨 室
 .  ।⠢  ਬ 뢠, 
ᮧ "䠩 ⪫"  ⨫ TLINK.

 MYPROG.EXE: $(MYOBJS)
tlink /c @&&!
 COS $(MYOBJS)
 $*
 $*
 $(MYLIBS) EMU.LIB MATHS.LIB CS.LIB

     ,   (  砥    
 $) 뢠  ᮧ 䠩. $*  -
  ᮧ  䠩    ७,    $(MYOBJS)   
$(MYLIBS)    祭ﬨ  ᮢ MYOBJS  MYLIBS.
 ࠧ, ⨫ TLINK 㦨 䠩  ᫥騬 -
ন:

 COS a.obj b.obj c.obj d.obj
 MYPROG
 MYPROG
 w.lib x.lib y.lib z.lib EMU.LIB MATHS.LIB CS.LIB

     ᫨  ᯮ ࠬ    ப-K,  
 ६ 䠩 㤠. ࠬ஬ -K ᫥ 짮-
  "⫠" ६ 䠩,  ᫨   -
⫥,   䠩 ࠡ ୮.



                           - 157 -




      ⭠ ࠡ⪠
 ___________________________________________________________

     ⨫ MAKE  ᮧ    
⨫,    믮  ᯨ᪮ 䠩. ।-
, ਬ, ⨫ MAKE ॡ । -
 Turbo C++ ᪮쪮 ᠭ  C 䠩  ࠡ⪨.
⨫ MAKE  믮쪮 TCC.EXE  ⭮  
    䠩,    䥪⨢ 뢠 맮
ணࠬ TCC.EXE     ப  ᯨ᪠ 
䠩,     ᪮஢.   ਢ 
 ६  १㧪 ⥬ Turbo C++  -
樨  䠩.

      ࣠樨    ⨫ MAKE
  㫨஢   䠩,    
 ࠡ⠭ - ,  ꥤ   ᯨ᮪
 뢠   ⭮  ᥣ ᯨ᪠   楫.

     ⮡ 㪠 ⨫ MAKE ⢨    -
 ,    ப 室 ᯮ짮
䨣묨 ᪮:

 <> (*<->*) ...<⠫쭠-->

      ᨭ⠪᪮ "⮤" 믮 
   ,   ⨫ MAKE  ।,   
  믮 ᫥饩  (᫨  ⠪    ਭ樯
). ᫨ ᫥   筮  -
祭 ᮤন 䨣 ᪮,     -
  ꥤ  ⥬   ⥩ ,  
ᯮ  䨣 ᪮.

      ਢ ਬ,   뢠,   -
⢫ ॠ  .  ।,  
⨫ MAKE  맢 ᫥⥫쭮  㪠 
 :

 TCC (*file1.c *)
 TCC (*file2.c *)
 TCC (*file3.c *)

      ⮣,  ⮡  맢  ⥬ Turbo C++ ਦ,
⨫ MAKE  ᫥ :

 TCC file1.c file2.c file3.c

     ,  ஡    䠩, 祭
 䨣 ᪮,  易⥫묨, ᪮ᮤন-
 ᪮      ⥭  
- 䨪権.

      ਢ ਬ,  ஬ ᯮ 
ࠢ. ।,   䠩 ᠭ ᮤন 
ࠢ,  㪠뢠饥 ஢ ணࠬ  C  ꥪ-
 䠩:

 .c.obj:
      TCC -c (*$< *)

     ᪮ ⨫  MAKE  ᯮ  ࠢ 
 䠩  C,   뢠  $<   䠪᪮
  䠩     ⮨  ᯨ 䠩,  

                           - 158 -
樨.  (   ⮬ 砥      ஡
  䨣  ᪮,     ⤥ 
䠩).   ᯨ᮪    ,    ந
   ᮡ⨩:

     * ⨫  MAKE  㦨,       믮
ணࠬ, ⫨  TCC;

     *   ,   㦤   ࠡ⪥;

     * ⨫ MAKE ௠    ப.

     ᫨ ⨫ MAKE ௠      ப,
      ப ᨬ쭮 讥 ᫮
䠩,   ⥬ 頥 ⠢訥  䠩  ᫥-
饩    ப.  ᯨ᮪ ௠,   뢠
ணࠬ TCC ( ࠬ஬ -c),   㤥 ࠡ뢠
 ᯨ᮪  楫.

      믮  DOS
 ___________________________________________________________

     ⨫ MAKE 믮 "஥"  DOS,  -
祭    㪠  ,  ⥬ 맮  
 COMMAND.COM   ࠡ⪨:

      breakdel  path    set
      cddir  prompt    time
      chdirecho  rd    type
      clserase  rem    ver
      copyfor  ren    verify
      cttymd  rename    vol
      datemkdir  rmdir

     ⨫ MAKE ⢫    㣨 ,
ᯮ ਭ  DOS  ᪠:

     1. 砫  ⨫ MAKE ⢫  䠩  -
饩 ४ਨ,   ⥬       ४ਨ  
 ᪠.

     2.   ४ਨ ⨫ MAKE ᭠砫  䠩 
   ७  䠩 .COM.  ᫨  
室 ⠪ 䠩,     䠩  ⨬   -
७  䠩 .EXE. ᫨   ⠯ ᪠ 뢠
ᯥ,   ⨫ MAKE ⢫  䠩  -
   ७  .BAT.

     3. ᫨ ⨫  MAKE  㦨  䠩  ७
 .BAT,   뢠  䠩 COMMAND.COM  믮-
 ⮣ ⭮ 䠩.

     ᫨   ப      ७  
䠩, ⨫ MAKE  ⮫쪮 䠩   ७-
.  ਢ  ਬ:

     *      㪠뢠   
COMMAND.COM      ⥪   ४   ४
C:\include:

      cd c:\include

     * ⨫ MAKE ᯮ     ᪠  
㦥 ᮮ⢥ 䠩  楫 믮 ᫥-
饩 :

      tlink lib\c0s x y,z,z,lib\cs

                           - 159 -

     * ⨫  MAKE  ⢫    䠩,  ᯮ
⮫쪮 ७  .COM:

      myprog.com geo.xyz

     * ⨫  MAKE 믮 ᫥ ,  ᯮ
   䠩:

      c:\myprogs\fil.exe -r
  ࠢ

     ࢮ ࠢ,  ஥ 뫮 ਢ   ਬ
 ଠ஢ 㪮,   ࠢ - ࠢ-
, ஥  ࠧ    䠩. 
ࠢ  ᫥騩 :

 <१>[<१>]...:[<室><室>...]
      [<>]
      [<>]

      <१> ।⠢ ᮡ 䠩,  
 ,  <室> ।⠢ ᮡ 䠩,  ன
 䠩 <१>,  <> ।⠢ ᮡ 
⨬    DOS  ( 맮 .BAT 䠩  믮
.EXE  .COM 䠩).

      ࠢ ।    ᪮쪮    -
 䠩,    室 䠩,  ⠪
易⥫ 祭 ,    믮-
.   १饣  室 䠩, 㪠뢠 
 ࠢ,   ᮤঠ  ᯥ䨪樨 ᪮-
  ४ਨ,  ⨬  DOS;   ⠪ ᮤ-
 ᨬ.

       ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ  易⥫ 
ᮡ:

     * <१>  稭  ᠬ 砫 ப (
⮫ 1);

     * <室> (室 䠩 (䠩))   ।-
    襩    ᨬ ஡  ⠡樨,
ᯮ ᫥ ;

     *  <> 稭  ୮ -
㯠  (  ।⢮  襩   ᨬ
஡  ⠡樨).   뫮 ⬥祭 ࠭,  ⢥
ᨬ த ப  ᯮ짮 ⭠ -
, ᫨ ᯨ᮪ 室 䠩     -
 㬥   ப.

     稥   室 䠩, ⠪   
易⥫;  ⢮  ࠢ, 
 ⮫쪮  ப <१>[<१>...],  ன
᫥ ᨬ .

      ᯮ짮  ࠢ  砥    ⮬,
    祭   ⢫ ᮧ
  <१> (१饣 䠩)   ࠢ-
  ᭮ <室> (室 䠩).   ⨫ MAKE
㦨  ࠢ,   ᭠砫 ஢,  -
    ᠬ 室 䠩 <室> १騬 䠩
<१>  - 㣮 ࠢ 䠩ᠭ. ᫨
⠪,  ᭠砫 ⨫ MAKE   ஥ ࠢ.

     ᫥ ⮣,      ᭮ 㣨 ࠢ 뫨 ᮧ

                           - 160 -
   室 䠩 <室>, ⨫ MAKE -
  稥  १饣 䠩 <१>.  ᫨ <-
>  ,   믮    ⮬  -
浪,   ஬  .  ᫨ <१> , 
  ६  ᫥ 䨪樨 ࠢ   ⮩
 ६  室 䠩 <室>. ᫨ -
室 䠩  ஢ ᫥ ⮣,    -
஢ 䠩 <१>,  믮  祭 -
.

      䠩       ࠢ
䠩 ᠭ ⨫ MAKE   ࠧ.

        ப     ࠢ 稭 
ᨬ ஡.  ⨫ MAKE ᬠਢ  ப, -
  ᫥   ࠢ  த  ।
ப,  稭饩 ⮫ 1 (ன    ।
ᨬ ஡)    䠩,   ᯨ᪠ 
 ⮣ ࠢ.  ப .

      ᮡ 砨
 ___________________________________________________________

      ࠢ,     ᫥  ப,
 ᪮쪮   ࠢ   ࠢ-
  묨 ப.

     * ᫨   ⠢  ࠢ 室 ,   -
騩 䠩  ⮫쪮   䠩,   -
᫥   ࠢ.

     * ᫨      ࠢ       ,
१騩 䠩    ஢ 䠩:  䠩-
,    ࠢ,   䠩, 
室  ।  ࠢ  १-
  䠩 (䠩).      ᨬ,
  ࠡ뢠  ࠢ. ਬ:

 .c.obj
    tcc -c $<
 prog.obj:

      prog.obj   䠩 prog.c; ᫨  ᮢ-
   䠩,   㤥 믮  ப:

 TCC -c prog.c

      ਬ
 ___________________________________________________________

       ਢ  ਬ  ࠢ:

 1. prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
 tcc myprog.obj prog2.obj
 2. myprog.obj: myprog.c include\stdio.h
 tcc -c myprog.c
 3. prog2.obj: prog2.c include\stdio.h
 tcc -c -K prog2.c

        ਬ     ⮣  䠩 -
. ୮  ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮  㫨, 
࣫ 䨪. ᫨  ஢ 䠩 PROG2.
C,   㤥 ४஢ ⮫쪮  䠩.   ᠬ
⢥ত ⠥ ࠢ  䠩 MYPROG.C.  -
   砥 䠩 stdio.h,    ४-
஢    䠩.    㤥 ⢫ ⮬
砥,  ᫨  ஢        ꥪ

                           - 161 -
䠩,  㪠    ᯨ᪥ ᨬ.   ந室 
砥,  ᫨  १   室  䠩  뫠
ந ४.

      ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ ᨬ⥩
 ___________________________________________________________

     ⥬ Turbo C++ ਥ஢ ᯮ짮 ⨫
MAKE   楫 ⮬᪮ ஢ન ᨬ⥩  -
砥 䠩.  TCC  TC ᮧ ꥪ 䠩,
  ᮤঠ  ᯮ㥬  ⨫⮩  MAKE ଠ 
 砥 䠩,  室  ᮧ ꥪ⭮
䠩.  ࠬ   ப -a ⨫ MAKE ஢
 ଠ,  ⮡ 㤮⮢  "ᮢ६" 
ᯮ㥬 䠩.

      ⨫ MAKE ⢫ ⮬ ஢
ᨬ⥩,  뢠  砥 䠩,  ⠪
६    ᮧ  ꥪ 䠩. ᫨ --
 砥 䠩  ஢,  ⨫ MAKE -
 ४   ꥪ⭮ 䠩. ᬮ-
ਬ, ਬ, ᫥饥  ࠢ:

 myprog.obj: myprog.c include\stdio.h
tcc -c myprog.c

     । ⥯,      䠩  MYPROG.C,  ᮤন
ண ।⠢ ,    ᪮஢    
ணࠬ TCC:

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include "dcl.h"

 void myprog() (**)

     ᫨ ⥯  맮⨫ MAKE    ᫥-
饩  ப:

 make -a myprog.obj

       ⢨ ஢   ६ ᮧ 䠩-
 MYPROG.C,  ⠪ 䠩 stdio.h  dcl.h.
 ࠢ

     ⨫ MAKE        묨 ࠢ
  ࠢ.  ࠢ ।⠢ ᮡ
饭  ࠢ;   ਬ  ᥬ 䠩, -
  ᮮ⢥騥 ७  䠩.

      ਢ ਬ,   ⭮襭
  ࠢ.  ᬮਬ  ࠢ  ।-
饣 ਬ.  ࠢ  ⨯, ᪮ 
᫥ 饬 ਭ樯: ꥪ 䠩 ( ७ 
.OBJ)   䠩  ⥬  ᭮   ७-
 .C  ᮧ ⥬ 믮 ணࠬ TCC. ᪨
  ᮧ 䠩 ᠭ   ⨫  MAKE,  
㤥  ᮤঠ  ᪮쪮  (  ᪮쪮 ⪮) 
ࠢ,    ᮮ⢥⢮   ⮬  -
.

     ९뢠   ࠢ    ࠢ,  
    ࠢ,   稭 -
 ଠ.  ࠢ 㤥  ᫥騩 :
 .c.obj:
    tcc -c $<

      ࠢ 砥 ᫥饥:" 䠩  ७-

                           - 162 -
  䠩 .C   ࠭᫨஢  䠩   ⥬  
᭮   ७  .OBJ,  ᯮ ᫥-
 ᫥⥫쭮 ".   䠩 OBJ ந-
    ன ப ⮣ ࠢ,   $< 砥
 䠩   ७  ,  騬  室  䠩
(.C).  ( $< ।⠢  ᮡ . ᭥-
 ᮢ ਢ .   $< 㤥    
믮        ᮮ⢥饣
室 䠩 .C).

       ਢ ᨭ⠪  ࠢ:

 <->.<१->:
    [<>]
    [<>]
 ...

        ࠭,  ᯮ짮    易-
⥫. ᫨  ᯮ,  ।   -
   ᪮쪮 ᨬ ஡.

     <-> (७ 室 䠩) (஥
 稭 窮   ⮫  1)  ।⠢  ᮡ
७  室 䠩;   ,   ⭮ 
 䠩,   ᫥騩 ଠ:

 <-䠩.->

     筮, <१-> ⭮  䠩, 
㤮⢮ ᯥ䨪樨

 <-䠩.१->

      <-䠩>     䠩.
㣨 ᫮,  ࠢ      
ࠢ,  ᮮ⢥ ᫥饬 ଠ:

 <-䠩.->.<-䠩.१->:
    [<>]
    [<>]
 ...

        <-䠩>.

       砭:  ⨫ MAKE ᯮ  -
      , ᫨      㦨   ࠢ 
       १饣 䠩,  ᫨  १-
      饣 䠩      ࠢ,   ண
       .

     ७ 饣 ⨫  MAKE  䠩  -
    ।  ⮣   ࠢ,஥
 ᯮ짮.   ࠢ ਬ  ⮬
砥,  ᫨ 㦥 䠩  ⥬  ᠬ ᭮ ,
   १饣 䠩,    ७ -
室 䠩.

     ।, ਬ,      䠩 ᠭ
 ⨫ MAKE (  MAKEFILE),    ᫥-
饥 ᮤঠ:

 c.obj:
   tcc -c $<





                           - 163 -



     ᫨    ᠭ  C ணࠬ    
RATIO.C,     ᪮஢  䠩 RATIO.OBJ,
   ᯮ짮 

 make ratio.obj

     ⨫ MAKE 㤥 ᬠਢ 䠩 RATIO.OBJ    -
⢥  १饣  䠩.  ᪮  ࠢ 
ᮧ 䠩 RATIO.OBJ  ,  ⨫ MAKE ਬ-
  ࠢ   ᫥ :

 tcc -c ratio.c

     , ⢥, 믮   ᮧ
䠩 RATIO.OBJ.

     ⨫ MAKE ᯮ  ࠢ   ⮬ 砥,
    ࠢ,  ᮯ஢騥 -
 .  ।,    砫 䠩 ᠭ  
 ᫥饥  ࠢ:

 .c.obj:
    tcc -c $<

     ᫨  ࠢ ,    㤠   
ਢ   ࠢ:

 myprog.obj: myprog.c include\stdio.h
     tcc -c myprog.c

       ࠡ⪨ 㤥 ०.

     ᫨  ᯮ ⥬ Turbo C++   ⨫
MAKE 믮 ⮬ ஢ ᨬ⥩,   -
 㤠    ᨬ,   ꥪ-
 䠩 㪠뢠  ⢥ १. ᫨ -
  ⮬᪠  ஢ઠ  ᨬ⥩,    ᯮ
 ࠢ,  ।⠢  砫 ࠧ  
ࠢ ਬ  ६ ࠢ ॢ頥   ᫥騩:

 c.obj:
   tcc -c $<

 prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
   tlink lib\c0s myprog prog2, prog, ,lib\cs

       ᮧ ᪮쪮  ࠢ      
⥬  ७  १饣 䠩. ᫨  -
 ७  १饣 䠩  
  ࠢ,  ࠢ ஢  ⮬ -
,   ஬    䠩 ᠭ,    ,
     室饥  ७  室
䠩    ,   ⨫ MAKE  ⢨  -
  ਣ ࠢ.

     ⨫ MAKE ᯮ ࢮ  ࠢ,  -
஬ 㪠 䠩  ७   室  䠩.  
᫨ 믮 ,   ⮬ ࠢ, 稢-
 ᯥ譮,     ࠢ  ஢-
.

      ப,  ᫥騥      ࠢ  
। ப,    稭  ᨬ  ஡,
   䠩,   ᯨ᪠   ⮣

                           - 164 -
ࠢ.
    

       㦨,   䠩 ᠭ  ᭮ 
᭮ ᯮ । ,  䠩  -
ࠬ.  ਬ, ᫨  ᮧ ணࠬ  C,  -
ன ᯮ ।  ,      맮
 TCC 㤥 ᯮ짮 ࠬ-mm,   -
砥   ᯮ짮 ।  .  -
,  ।,      室  ३ 
让  .    ᬮ  䠩 -
ᠭ       砨 㯮ॡ ࠬ -mm 
ࠬ -ml.  ୠ⨢  砥  ⮬,  ⮡
 .

     ᮬ 뢠 ஥ , ஥ ।⠢
ᮡ ப ᨬ. ம।    
뢠騩  ⥪ ;  ᫥⢨ ⨫ MAKE -
㦨  ⮣ ,       -
뢠騩 ⥪.

     ।,     砫 䠩 ᠭ ᫥-
騩 :

 MODEL = m

      ப ।  MODEL,    ⥯
⠭  ப m.  ᯮ   
     맮  C  ᫥-
騬 ࠧ:

 tcc -c -m$(MODEL) myprog.c

      맠᪠ ⨫ MAKE,    ( -
 砥 $(MODEL)) 㤥  뢠騬  ⥪-
⮬(  砥m).   ⢨⥫쭮 㤥 믮
᫥ :

 tcc -c -mm myprog.c

      ᬥ   㤥 ந室    -
㤭. ᫨    ப :

 MODEL = l

            ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡
⥯ ᯮ짮    .    ⢨-
⥫쭮,  ᫨   ᮢᥬ   ப,   -
㥬        ࠬ-
   ப -D ()   ᪥ ⨫
MAKE:

 make -DMODEL = l

       ப 㪠뢠 ⨫ MAKE  -
஢  ᫮ MODEL     뢠騬 ⥪-
⮬ l.

      ᠭ ᮢ
 ___________________________________________________________

      ம।  ᫥ :

      <-> = <뢠騩-⥪>

      <->  ।⠢    .
<ﬠ>   ப  㪢  ,   -

                           - 165 -
ঠ饩  ᨬ  ஡,     <-> 
 ࠢ⢠ (=) ஡ ⨬. <뢠騩-⥪>
।⠢  ᮡ  ந ப,  ᮤঠ 㪢,
, ᨬ ஡   㭪樨.  ப -
蠥 ᨬ 室   ப.

     ᫨ <->  㦥  뫮 । ࠭,   
 ம।  䠩 ᠭ,      
ࠬ -D  ப ⨫ MAKE,    -
   ஥.

       ᮢ ॣ   稬;
,     model,  Model  MODEL  ࠧ-
묨.

      ᯮ짮 ᮢ
 ___________________________________________________________

      맮   䠩 ᠭ  뤥ন-
 ᫥騩 ଠ:

      $(<->)

     㣫 ᪮  ᯮ짮      
맮 ᮢ,   ⮬ 砥, ᫨   ⮨
 ⢥ 㪢 ( ᪫祭।। -
ᮢ).   - $(<->) - 뢠 -
 .

      ⨫ MAKE 㦨 맮 ,   -
   뢠騩 ⥪ .  ᫨ 뢠騩
⥪   ।,        ⮩
(㫥) ப.

      ᮡ 樨
 ___________________________________________________________

      :      뢠    
  (<->)  ம।.    -
짮  ࠢ   (<뢠騩-⥪>),    
⨥  㤥 ⢫   ,  ᠭ
  㤥 맢. 㣨 ᫮,  ⢫-
  ⨥  ம।,  㤥 ⠪ ⢫
⨥ ᮢ,   뢠騩 ⥪.

      ࠢ:  맮   ப ࠢ -
뢠 .

       ४⨢:  맮  ४⨢ !if 
!elif 뢠 .  ᫨ 뢠  ४⨢
!if  !elif   騩   ।,   
뢠  祭 0 ().

       :  맮 ᮢ   -
  믮 .

      ।। 
 ___________________________________________________________

     ⨫ MAKE  ᮤন    ᥡ  ᪮쪮  ᯥ樠
஥ ᮢ:  $d, $*, $<, $:, $.  $&.   
⢫ ஢  ⢮      
.   ᯮ  ४⨢ !if  !elif. ⠫
।⠢ ᮡ   䠩, ᯮ㥬  
  ࠢ.     ⮬,  ⢥ -
ᮢ ⮬᪨ 㦠 ப ⠭  -
饬  । DOS (ப,    ᬠਢ

                           - 166 -
     SET   DOS).  ,  ⨫
MAKE ।  : __MSDOS__,  ࠢ1 (-
),  __MAKE__,  ࠢ ᨨ ⨫ MAKE  -
筮 ଠ (  ᨨ 0x0300).

  ⢨

 $d ஢ન ம।

 $* ᭮  䠩   

 $<   䠩   

 $: ⮫쪮 ⭮ 

 $.   䠩  ⭮ 

 $& ᭮  䠩  ⭮ 

      ஢ન ம। ($d):   ஢ન
ம। ($d) 뢠  1,  ᫨ 㪠 -
ம। ,  0, ᫨   . ন
뢠饣 ⥪    祭.   ᯥ-
   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ४⨢ !if  !
elif.

     ।, ਬ,    ஢ 
䠩 ᠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  砥, ᫨  -
  ,  㬮砭 ᯮ짮  । -
.   砫 襣 䠩 ᠭ    ᫥-
饥:

 !if !$d(MODEL)   # ᫨  MODEL  
 MODEL =m  # ।   m (MEDIUM)
 !endif

     ᫨ ⥬     뢠⨫   MAKE      
 ப:

 make -DMODEL=l

        MODEL 㤥 뢠  ப l. ,
᫨  맮 ⨫ MAKE ᠬ  ᥡ:

 make

       MODEL 㤥 ।  m (  "⠭-
"  ).

        䠩
 ___________________________________________________________

        䠩 ࠡ  筮, 
⨨     ࠧ  -
  ᮧ 䠩.

      ᭮ 䠩 ($*):  ᭮ -
  䠩  ($*)  ᯮ짮     
 ࠢ.  ⬠ ($*) 뢠   ᮧ-
 䠩 (᪫ ७  䠩), ਬ:

  䠩 A:\P\TESTFILE.C
  $* 뢠  A:\P\TESTFILE





                           - 167 -


     ਬ,   ஢ ᫥饥  -
:

 prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
   tlink lib\c0s myprog prog2, prog, , lib\cs

      ⮡  ਭ﫮 ᫥騩 :

 prog.exe: myprog.obj prog2.obj
   tlink lib\c0s myprog prog2, $*, , lib\cs

      믮     ࠢ,   $*
 १饣 䠩  ७ ,
   ⭮ .    ࠢ 
 뢠 ࠩ .

     ਬ,  ࠢ  룫拉 ᫥騬 -
ࠧ:

 c.obj:
      tcc -c $*

        䠩 ($<):     
䠩 ($<) ⠪ ᯮ      -
 ࠢ.    ࠢ  $< 뢠  
१饥    䠩 ( ७  䠩),
ਬ:

  䠩 A:\P\TESTFILE.C
  $< 뢠  A:\P\TESTFILE.C

      ਬ, ।⠢  ࠢ

 mylib.obj: mylib.c
    copy $< \oldobjs
    tcc -c $*

      䠩  MYLIB.OBJ    ४  \OLDOBJS ।
樥 䠩 MYLIB.C.

       ࠢ  $< ॢ頥      䠩
 ७ 室 䠩. ਬ,  ࠢ

 .c.obj:
       tcc -c $*.c

      ਢ  筮  ⮬  १,   ࠢ

 .c.obj:
       tcc -c $<.c

     ᪮ ७  १饣 䠩 -
  .C.

      ⮫쪮 ⭮  ($:):   -
뢠  ⭮  (   䠩), ਬ:

  䠩 A:\P\TESTFILE.C
  $: 뢠  A:\P\

        䠩    ७  ($.):  
  뢠    䠩  ७   -
⭮ :



                           - 168 -



  䠩 A:\P\TESTFILE.C
  $. 뢠  TESTFILE.C

      ⮫쪮  䠩 ($&):   뢠-
   䠩  ⭮     ७  
䠩, ਬ:

  䠩 A:\P\TESTFILE.C
  $& 뢠  TESTFILE
   ४⨢

     ⨫ MAKE ௮樨 Borland 믮 -
樨,    ᪠  㣨  MAKE:  -
  ४⨢,   ⥬,     몠 C,
ᥬ  ࡮ ᪠.   ४⨢    ᯮ짮-
   ॠ樨 ⥫쭮 ᫠   
権  ४⨢ 稭  䠩  ᠭ  
᪫⥫쭮   (!),     
ᨬ ப. 㣨 稭  窨.  ਢ
 祭 ४⨢ ⨫ MAKE:

 5.1 ४⨢ ⨫ MAKE

 .autodepend砥 ஢ ⮬᪨ ᨬ⥩

 !elif믮  ᫮

 !else믮  ᫮

 !endif 믮  ᫮

 !error 뢠 ⨫ MAKE ⠭  뤠 ᮮ-
饭  訡

 !if믮  ᫮

 .ignore뢠 ⨫  MAKE ஢  頥
 祭

 !include 䠩,      祭   䠩
ᠭ

 .noautodepend몫砥 ⮬ ஢ ᨬ⥩

 .noignore몫砥 ⢨ ४⨢ .ignore

 .nosilent뢠 ⨫ MAKE ⮡ࠦ  । 
믮

 .noswap뢠 ⨫  MAKE   ⢫  㧪
ᠬ ᥡ       

 .path.<ext> ⨫MAKE    ᪠  䠩 
७ .<EXT>

 .silent뢠 ⨫ MAKE  ⮡ࠦ  ।
 믮

 .swap뢠 ⨫ MAKE ⢫ 㧪 ᠬ
ᥡ       

 !undef  ⬥ ᠭ  



                           - 169 -


      ४⨢  窮
 ___________________________________________________________

       ।⠢  ४⨢  ᮮ⢥-
騩  ࠬ  ப,    ਮ 
ࠢ  ⨬ ࠬ஬. ਬ, ᫨ ⨫ MAKE -
뢠 ᫥饩  ப:

 make -a

       䠩 ᠭ ᮤন ४⨢ .noautodepend,
 ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ ᨬ⥩ 㤥 ⬥.

     ४⨢ .AUTODEPEND  .NOAUTODEPEND  ()
  몫 (⬥) ⮬ ஢㧠ᨬ⥩.
 ᮮ⢥ ࠬ -a  ப.

     ४⨢ .IGNORE  .NOIGNORE  㪠뢠  ⨫  MAKE
஢ 頥 ணࠬ 祭,  ਬ୮ ⠪
,    䨪 - ।  맮 ணࠬ-
 ( ᠭ ࠭).   ४⨢ ᮮ⢥ ࠬ
-l  ப.

     ४⨢ .SILENT  .NOSILENT 㪠뢠  ⨫  MAKE,
᫥ ⮡ࠦ  ।  믮.  ᮮ-
 ࠬ -s  ப.

     ४⨢ .SWAP  .NOSWAP 㪠뢠 ⨫ MAKE -
 ᥡ    .   ᮮ⢥ ࠬ -S
 ப.

      ४⨢ .PATH.<७>
 ___________________________________________________________

      ४⨢, 饭  䠩 ᠭ, 㪠뢠
⨫ MAKE,   㦭᪠ 䠩     ७
 䠩. ਬ, ᫨  䠩 ᠭ  ᫥-
騥 ப:

 .PATH.c = C:\CSOURCE

 .c.obj:
       tcc -c $*

 tmp.exe: tmp.obj
       tcc tmp.obj

     ⨫ MAKE 㤥 ᪠ 䠩 TMP.C,   
   室 䠩  ᮧ 䠩 TMP.OBJ,
 ४ਨ C:\CSOURCE,    ⥪饩 ४ਨ.

     ४⨢ .PATH ⠪  ᮬ,  ᮤ-
 祭 ⭮ .   ਢ ਬ -
짮 ⮩ ४⨢. 室 䠩 ᮤঠ 
४ਨ, ꥪ 䠩  㣮,   믮塞 䠩-
  ⥪饩 ४ਨ.










                           - 170 -




 .PATH.c   = C:\CSOURCE
 .PATH.obj = C:\OBJS

 .c.obj:
       tcc -c -o$(.PATH.obj)\$& $<

 obj.exe: tmp.obj
       tcc -e$&.exe $<

 tmp.exe: tmp.obj

      ४⨢ 祭 䠩
 ___________________________________________________________

     ४⨢ 祭 䠩 (!include)  䠩,  -
    祭  䠩 ᠭ  樨
  ,  ᯮ  ४⨢.  ४-
  ᫥ :

      !include "<-䠩>"

       ஢   ४⨢. ᫨ -
४⨢ 祭 䠩 ⠥   -  䠩,
 㦥  祭  ஬ 譥 ஢ 
(⠪ ࠧ,     ᪮ 横  -
),    ७  ४⨢  祭  
訡筠.

       ᯮ짮  ४⨢?  ।, 
 ᮧ 䠩 MODEL.MAC,   ᮤন ᫥騥 -
:

 !if !$d(MODEL)
 MODEL = m
 !endif

       ᯮ짮 ।⠢ ᫮ (ᯮ-
㥬   ᨬ⨮ 믮 ᫮) ம।
  䠩 ᠭ ⥬  ᫥饩 ४⨢:

 !include "MODEL.MAC"

      ⨫ MAKE 㦨 ४⨢ !include, 
뢠  䠩  뢠  ᮤন,  ᫨
 ப 砥 䠩 﫨  ப ᠬ 䠩-
 ᠭ.

      ४⨢ ᫮ 믮
 ___________________________________________________________

     ४⨢ ᫮ 믮  (!if,  !elif,  !else  
!endif)  ।⠢  । ⥯  
஢ 䠩 ᠭ.  ࠢ      
 ᤥ ᫮묨,  ⮬ᯮ짮 ம।-
  ப (  ࠬ -D)   
  ⬥  । ࠧ 䠩 -
ᠭ.

     ଠ  ४⨢ 祭 ⮬,  ᯮ-
  C, ᥬ  ࡮ ᪠:




                           - 171 -



 !if <ࠦ>
 [<ப>]
 !endif

 !if <ࠦ>
 [<ப>]
 !else
 [<ப>]
 !endif

 !if <ࠦ>
 [<ப>]
 !elif <ࠦ>
 [<ப>]
 !endif

       砭:  [<ப>]   ।⠢ ᮡ
        ᫥ ⨯ ஢:

 *    ம।;

 *     ࠢ;

 *     ࠢ;

 *    ४⨢ 祭 䠩 include;

 *    㯯  if;

 *    ४⨢ 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 error;

 *    ४⨢ ⬥ ம। undef;

     ४⨢ ᫮ 믮 ࠧ 㯯, 
⮨       뢠饩 㯯 ४⨢ !if 
饩 㯯 ४⨢ !endif.

     *  㯯  ⢮ ⮫쪮  ४⨢ !
else.

     * ४⨢ !elif  ᯮ  ४⨢
!if  !else.

     * ࠢ,    㣨 ४⨢    ᯮ-
    ࠧ묨  ४⨢ ᫮ 믮;
᫮   ࠭祭.  ⬥,   ࠢ
       童 ४⨢ ᫮
믮.

     * ᪠  ⥯  㯯 ४⨢ -
 믮.

      ࠢ,     ४⨢  
  室 䠩.

     ᥬ ४⨢ !if    ⮣    室  䠩
 ᮮ⢥⢮ ४⨢ !endif.  ࠧ, ᫥-
饥 祭 䠩     ᨬ 
⮣,   ᮤঠ 饣  䠩 䠩, -
    ᮤন ୠ ४⨢ !endif:





                           - 172 -


 !if $(FILE_COUNT) > 5
      <- ࠢ>
 !else
      <㣨 ࠢ>
 < 䠩>

      ࠦ, ⨬  ४⨢ ᫮ 믮
 ____________________________________________________________

      ४⨢  !if    !elif   ࠦ;
 ᯮ ᨭ⠪, 騩  C.  ࠦ
  筮 32 ⮢ 楫  .

          ᫠  ,  쬥
 ⭠ ⠭.  ᫨    C,  
  㦥  ,   㦭  ⠭ ⨫ MAKE:
ଠ .  ᫨  ணࠬ  ᥬ 
 ࡮ ᪠,   ४㥬 ⥫쭮 ஠-
஢ ।⠢  ਬ.   ਢ -
⨬  ⨫ MAKE ⠭:

 4536# 筠 ⠭

 0677# 쬥筠 ⠭ (ࠧ砥  砫쭮-
 )

 0x23aF # ⭠筠  ⠭ (ࠧ砥  -
砫쭮 ᫥⥫쭮 0x)

      ࠦ   ᯮ짮   ।⠢-
   権:

       㭠 権

 

 -㭠 

 ᨬ ⮢  (  ⮢)
 ⨫줠 (
 . 126)


 !᪮ 栭  NOT (0, ᫨ ࠭ 㫥-
, 1  ⨢ 砥)

        権

 +᫮

 -⠭

 *㬭

 /

 %⮪

 >>ᤢ ࠢ

 <<ᤢ 

 &ࠧ來  (AND)

 \!ࠧ來  (OR)

                           - 173 -

 ^ࠧ來 ᪫饥  (XOR)

 &&᪮  (AND)

 \!\!᪮  (OR)

 > 祬

 < 祬

 >=  ࠢ

 <=  ࠢ

 ==ࠢ⢮

 !=ࠢ⢮

      ୠ  樨

 ?:࠭ ।   ? ᬠਢ  -
.

᫨ 祭  ࢮ ࠭  㫥,  -
⮬  ன ࠭ (, ᯮ-
   ?  :)

᫨ 祭 ࢮ ࠭ ࠢ ,  -
祭 १   祭 쥣 -
࠭ (, ᯮ ᫥ :)

      㯯஢    ࠭        ࠦ    
ᯮ짮 㣫 ᪮.  ⢨ ᪮  㭠-
    権  ਮ  ⭮襭  
.    権    ᠬ ਮ-
,       C;    ਢ  浪 뢠
ਮ:

      * /  %    ⨯⨢ 樨
      + -    ⨢ 樨
      <<>>    ⮢ 樨 ᤢ
      <=>=    樨 ⭮襭
      < >    樨 ⭮襭
      ===  !=    樨 ⭮襭
      &     ⮢ 
      ^     ⮢ ᪫饥 
      \!     ⮢ 
      &&    ᪮ 
      \!\!    ᪮ 

     樨  ࠢ ਮ⮬ 믮 ᫥ ࠢ
 ᪫祭 ୠ 権,  믮-
 ࠢ .

     ᪮  ⢮ ஢ਮ⮢ 権 -
 ਢ  ⥫⢮  ࠭ 몠 C,  -
㥬    ࠧ㬭  ᯮ짮    ᢮   ࠦ
㣫 ᪮.

        맢   ࠦ;  㤥 ᯮ-
 ᯥ樠  $d().  ᫥ ⮣,    ந諮
⨥    ᮢ,  ᨭ⠪ ࠦ  ᮮ-
⢮ ⠭ ॡ.




                           - 174 -


      ४⨢ Error (訡)
 ___________________________________________________________

     ४⨢ 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡 (!error) 㪠뢠
⨫ MAKE ࢠ 믮  ⮡ࠧ  -
  ᮮ饭   ࠢ 訡,ᮤঠ饥 ⥪ ᫥
४⨢ !error.  ४⨢  ଠ:

      !error <ந-⥪>

      ४⨢ ।祭  祭  ४-
 ᫮ 믮,  ⮡  짮⥫ ᫮-
 । 訡   ࢠ  믮 ⨫
MAKE. ਬ,   ⠢ ।   ࠢ-
 ᫥騩 :

 !if !$d(MODEL)
 # ᫨ MODEL  ।
 !error MODEL  ।
 !endif

     ᫨ ਯ室     窥 ४⨢ MODEL  
뫠 ।,  ⨫ MAKE ४頥 믮  -
祩 ᫥饣 ᮮ饭  訡:

 Fatal makefile 4: Error directive: MODEL  ।

      ४⨢ ⬥ ம।
 ___________________________________________________________

     ४⨢ ⬥묠ம। (!undef) 㪠뢠 -
  ।   .  ᫨  -
騩  멬  ।,   ४⨢
  㤥  祭.  ४⨢  ᫥騩 ᨭ⠪-
:

      !undef <->
       饭  訡 ⨫ MAKE

     ᪨ ᮮ饭  ⨫  MAKE ࠧ
  : 訡  ࠢ 訡.

     *   ࠢ 訡,  ࠡ-
 ४頥 .   ᫥ ।ਭ -
 ⢨  ୮  ணࠬ.

     * 訡 砥 稥 ண   ᨭ⠪-
  ᥬ᪮ 訡  室 䠩 ᠭ.

     ।⠢    饭   (த)    
祭   ᮮ饭  訡,  祭 -
  ਢ    ࠧ.    ⠫ 
ᮮ饭  訡,  ⠢ ᮮ⢥饥   
祭.

  㪮⢥ ࠭

 <㬥()>㬥  ப  㣮 㬥

 <ࠦ>ࠦ

 <-䠩> 䠩 ( ७   )

 <-ப>  ப


                           - 175 -
 <ᮮ饭>ப ᮮ饭

     饭   訡 ᫥  浪 ⠭
 ASCII;  ᭠砫 ᫥ ᮮ饭, 稭騥  ᨬ-
. ᪮ ᮮ饭, 稭騥    ६-
,  뫨 ⮫쪮  ᫥,    㯮-
冷祭   ᮮ⢥⢨  ॠ쭮 ⮡ࠦ ࠭ 
뤠 ᮮ饭 ଠ樥,   饭  砫 
 筥 ᮮ饭  訡.

     ਬ, ᫨  ⠫ ᪮ 䠩  
NOEXIT.C,     ᫥饥 ᮮ饭  訡-
:

 noexit does not exist - don't know how to make it
 (䠩 noexit  -⥭ ᯮᮡ  ࠡ⪨)

      ⮣,  ⮡  ᭥  ⮣  ᮮ饭  
訡,  室  ᮮ饭:

 <filename> does not exist - don't know how to make it
 (<-䠩>  -⥭ ᯮᮡ  ࠡ⪨)

       ᠬ 砫  ᮮ饭  訡.

     ᫨ ६ 뢠    ᠬ  砫  ⥪
ᮮ饭  訡 (ਬ,"Illegal character in constant
expression: <expression>" ( ᨬ  ࠦ--
⠭ <ࠦ>)),     ᭥ ⮣ -
饭  ᮮ⢥⢨  䠢 ᯮ;   
砥,  ᮮ饭,  稭  㪢 I.

