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gkrellm - The GNU Krell Monitors
With a single process, gkrellm manages multiple stacked monitors and supports applying themes to match the monitors appearance to your window manager, Gtk, or any other theme.
If a command has been configured to be launched for a monitor, then a button will appear when the mouse enters the panel of that monitor. Clicking the button will launch the command.
A right button mouse click on the side or top frames of the gkrellm window will pop up a user configuration window where you can configure all the builtin and plugin monitors. Chart appearance may be configured by right clicking on a chart, and right clicking on many panels will open the configuration window directly to the corresponding monitor's configuration page.
The default for most charts is to automatically adjust the number of grid lines drawn and the resolution per grid so drawn data will be nicely visible. You may change this to fixed grids of 1-5 and/or fixed grid resolutions in the chart configuration windows. However, some combination of the auto scaling modes may give best results.
Auto number of grids:This means to scale the chart to draw as many grids as is necessary to show all the data on the chart without clipping.
Auto grid resolution has two meanings:1) If using a fixed number of grids, it means to set the resolution per grid to the smallest value in a base to peak range that draws data without clipping. The peak is the maximum data value encountered and the base is 1/5 the peak.
2) If using auto number of grids, it means to set the resolution per grid to a value such that drawing the peak value encountered requires at least 5 grids to be drawn.
Data is plotted as a percentage. In auto number of grids mode, resolution is a fixed 20% per grid. In fixed number of grids mode, grid resolution is 100% divided by the number of grids.
The krell shows process forks with a full scale value of 10 forks. The chart has a resolution of 10 forks/sec per grid in auto number of grids mode and 50 forks/second maximum on the chart in fixed number of grids mode. The process load resolution per grid is best left at 1.0 for auto number of grids, but can be set as high as 5 if you configure the chart to have only 1 or 2 fixed grids.
gkrellm is designed to display a chart for net interfaces which are up, which means they are listed in the routing table (however, it is possible in some cases to monitor unrouted interfaces). One net interface may be linked to a timer button which can be used to connect and disconnect from an ISP.
The timer button shows an off, standby, or on state by a distinctive (color or shape) icon.
ln -s /var/lock/LCK..ttySx ~/.gkrellm/LCK..modem
For both ppp and ippp timer button links, the panel area of the interface is always shown and the chart appears when the interface is routed with the phone link connected or on line. The timer button Start Command must run in the background and this is automatically the default for many ppp logon scripts. A couple of exceptions are wvdial and kppp which need to be explicitly backgrounded:
wvdail &
or
kppp -c Foo &
and the timer button Stop Command in these cases could be:
skill -c wvdial
or
kppp -k
Otherwise do not append the "&" on ppp Start Command entries that background themselves.
If the timer button is not linked to a net interface, then it can be used as a push on / push off timer
Net monitors can have a label so that the interface can be associated with the identity of the other end of the connection. This is useful if you have several net connections or run multiple remote gkrellm programs. It can be easier to keep track of who is connected to who.
Here you are reading a ratio of total used to total available. The amount of memory used indicated by the memory monitor is actually a calculated "used" memory. If you enter the "free" command, you will see that most of your memory is almost always used because the kernel uses large amounts for buffers and cache. Since the kernel can free a lot of this memory as user process demand for memory goes up, a more realistic reading of memory in use is obtained by subtracting the buffers and cached memory from the kernel reported used. This is shown in the free command output in the "-/+ buffers/cache" line where a calculated used amount has buffers and cached memory subtracted from the kernel reported used memory, and a calculated free amount has the buffers and cached memory added in.
While the memory meter always shows the calculated "used" memory, the raw memory values total, shared, buffered, and cached may be optionally displayed in the memory panel by entering an appropriate format display string in the config.
Units: All memory values have units of binary megabytes (MiB). Memory sizes have historically been reported in these units because memory arrays on silicon have always increased in size by multiples of 2. Add an address line to a memory chip and you double or quadruple (a multiplexed address) the memory size. A binary megabyte is 2^20 or 1048576. Contrast this with units for other stats such as disk capacities or net transfer rates where the proper units are decimal megabytes or kilobytes. Disk drive capacities do not increase by powers of 2 and manufacturers do not use binary units when reporting their sizes. However, some of you may prefer to see a binary disk drive capacity reported, so it is available as an option - but I don't recommended it.
Displays TCP port connections and records historical port hits on a minute or hourly chart. Middle button click on an inet chart to toggle between the minute and hourly displays. There is a strip below the minute or hour charts where marks are drawn for port hits in second intervals. Each inet krell also shows port hits with a full scale range of 5 hits. The left button toggle of extra info displays current port connections.
For each internet monitor you can specify two labeled datasets with one or two ports for each dataset. There are two ports because some internet ports are related and you might want to group them - for example, the standard http port is 80, but there is also a www web caching service on port 8080. So it makes sense to have a http monitor which combines data from both ports. A possible common configuration would be to create one inet monitor that monitors http hits plotted in one color and ftp hits in another. To do this, setup in the Internet configuration tab:
http 80 8080 ftp 21
Or you could create separate monitors for http and ftp. Other monitors might be smtp on port 25 or nntp on port 119.
If you check the "Port0 - Port1 is a range" button, then all of the ports between the two entries will be monitored. Clicking the small button on the Inet panels will pop up a window listing the currently connected port numbers and the host that is connected to it.
gkrellm samples TCP port activity once per second, so it is possible for port hits lasting less than a second to be missed.
File system mount points can be selected to be monitored with a meter that shows the ratio of blocks used to total blocks available. Mounting commands can be enabled for mount points in one of two ways:
If a mount point is in your /etc/fstab and you have mount permission then mount(8) and umount(8) commands can be enabled and executed for that mount point simply by checking the "Enable /etc/fstab mounting" option. Mount table entries in /etc/fstab must have the "user" or "owner" option set to grant this permission unless gkrellm is run as root. For example, if you run gkrellm as a normal user and you want to be able to mount your floppy, your /etc/fstab could have either of:
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 user,noauto,rw,exec 0 0 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 user,defaults 0 0
If gkrellm is run as root or if you have sudo(1) permission to run the mount(8) commands, then a custom mount command can be entered into the "mount command" entry box. A umount(8) command must also be entered if you choose this method. Example mount and umount entries using sudo:
sudo /bin/mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/A sudo /bin/umount /mnt/A
Notes: the mount point specified in a custom mount command (/mnt/A in this example) must be the same as entered in the "Mount Point" entry. Also, you should have the NOPASSWD option set in /etc/sudoers for this.
File system monitors can be created as primary (always visible) or secondary which can be hidden and then shown when they are of interest. For example, you might make primary file system monitors for root, home, or user so they will be always visible, but make secondary monitors for less frequently used mount points such as floppy, zip, backup partitions, foreign file system types, etc. Secondary FS monitors can also be configured to always be visible if they are mounted by checking the "Show if mounted" option. Using this feature you can show the secondary group, mount a file system, and have that FS monitor remain visible even when the secondary group is hidden. A standard cdrom mount will show as 100% full but a monitor for it could be created with mounting enabled just to have the mount/umount convenience.
When the "Ejectable" option is selected for a file system, an eject button will appear when the mouse enters the file system panel. If you are not using /etc/fstab mounting, a device file to eject will also need to be entered. Systems may have varying levels of support for this feature ranging from none or basic using an ioctl() to full support using an eject command to eject all its supported devices. Linux and NetBSD use the "eject" command while FreeBSD uses the "cdcontrol" command, so be sure these commands are installed. Most eject commands will also support closing a CDROM tray. If they do, you will be able to access this function by right clicking the eject button.
Checks your mailboxes for unread mail. A mail reading program (MUA) can be executed with a left mouse click on the mail monitor panel button, and a mail notify (play a sound) program can be executed whenever the new mail count increases. The mail panel envelope decal may also be clicked to force an immediate mail check at any time.
gkrellm is capable of checking mail from local mailbox types mbox, MH, and maildir, and from remote mailbox types POP3 and IMAP.
POP3 and IMAP checking can use non-standard port numbers and password authentication protocols APOP (for POP3 only) and CRAM-MD5 may be selected as long as your mail server supports them.
Before internal POP3 and IMAP checking was added, an external mail fetch/check program could be set up to be executed periodically to download or check remote POP3 or IMAP mail. This method is still available and must be used if you want gkrellm to be able to download remote mail to local mailboxes because the builtin checking functions cannot download.
This meter will be available if a battery exists and will show battery percentage life remaining. A decal indicates if AC line is connected or if the battery is in use. If the data is available, a time remaining decal shows battery time left in minutes or seconds.
For Linux, if you have lm_sensor kernel modules installed which reports sensor readings in /proc/sys/dev/sensors as a chip/tempX, chip/inX, or chip/fanX file, then gkrellm can display your CPU and motherboard temperatures, voltages, and fan speeds. I do not link against the lm_sensor library because I do not want to have that extra dependency for users that do not have or care about sensors. FreeBSD provides sensor reporting for some sensor chips.
If the /proc/sys/dev/sensors directory exists and has chip subdirectories (which it will if lm_sensors has been correctly installed and finds the sensor chip on your motherboard), then gkrellm automatically detects this and there will be a "Sensors" configuration option in the config window. Likewise there will be the Sensors config if FreeBSD detects a sensor chip. NetBSD uses the envsys(4) interface and sensors reading is automatically enabled if you have either a lm(4) or viaenv(4) chip configured in your kernel.
To get this to work, you must manually link temperature and fan files to your cpu/motherboard in the "Sensor" configuration page. The linking is made by entering "cpu" or "mb" in the "Sensor Label" entry next to the "Sensor Files" name. For example, if you want readings from sensor file temp1 and/or sensor file fan1 to show up on the cpu panel, then enter "cpu" as the label for both temp1 and fan1. If you want the readings to show up on the Proc panel, then enter "mb" as the labels (the Proc panel is used for motherboard readings to save the overhead of an extra panel - and it does make some sense if you think about it hard enough). If you have a SMP machine, then the labels must be "cpu0", "cpu1", etc and you must be displaying real cpu charts.
There is a separate "Voltages" config page where voltages may be enabled. See the Info page in the config.
If you set up to monitor both a temperature and a fan on a panel, they can be displayed optionally as an alternating single display or as separate displays. If separate, the fan display will replace the panel label. The configuration for this is under the CPU and Proc config pages.
In the Setup page for the Sensors config you also enter any correction factors and offsets for each of the sensors you are monitoring. This is the same configuration information you would have to set up in /etc/sensors.conf if gkrellm were linked against the lm_sensor library. See below for an explanation of converting lm_sensor compute lines to GKrellM correction factors and offsets.
Note for NetBSD users:
The reasons for this choice are a) efficiency (though it might be possible to open/close /dev/sysmon each time a reading is needed without major performance issue) and b) as of october 2001, there's a bug in the envsys(4) driver which sometimes causes deadlocks when processes try to access simultaneoulsy /dev/sysmon (see NetBSD PR#14368). A (quick and dirty) workaround for this is to monopolize the driver :)
You can calibrate temperature readings by setting a correction factor and offset for each temperature file.
You have to decide via your motherboard manual or inspection which temperature file corresponds to which CPU or motherboard and it may help to read the lm_sensor documentation. The way I would make the link by inspection (for Linux) is to dump the contents of each temperature file reported under the Sensor configuration tab. Each temperature file should have a single line with three numbers which report temperature over, temperature hysteresis, and measured temperature. It is likely that the temperature file corresponding to the motherboard temperature will have a temperature over and hysteresis less than those in the temperature files for CPU's. You could also try modulating CPU temperatures to see which sensor reading tracks the modulation. For example, with your computer cover off and after warming up to equilibrium, try augmenting cooling on a CPU by blowing additional air on the heatsink. Or maybe try some circuit cooler.
Some motherboards may not provide accurate temperature readings because of various factors, such as variations in sensor contact with the CPU. For these cases, if you care about precise temperature readings, you can enter calibration numbers in the sensors config to correct the raw temperature readings.
To do this calibration, take two real CPU temperature readings corresponding to two sensor reported readings. To get the real readings, you can trust that your motherboard manufacturer has done this calibration and is reporting accurate temperatures in the bios, or you can put a temperature probe directly on your CPU case (if possible and safe). I would guess the motherboard temperature will not need calibration, but you could check with a temperature probe.
Here is a sample CPU calibration procedure. Make sure gkrellm is configured with default factors of 1.0 and offsets of 0 and is reporting temperatures in centigrade:
From:
s - S1 t - T1
------ = ------
S2 - S1 T2 - T1
T2 - T1 S2*T1 - S1*T2
t = s * ------- + -------------
S2 - S1 S2 - S1
So:
T2 - T1 S2*T1 - S1*T2
factor = ------- offset = -------------
S2 - S1 S2 - S1
Note: ideally, the temperature measurements should each be made at equilibrium and in the above example, the T1 S1 reading will probably not be an equilibrium reading. Maybe a pair of readings with the cpu idling as much as possible and then running something like cpuburn could be made. See Freshmeat for cpuburn, and read the cautions. Anyway, these are just some ideas. I'm not actually recommending that anyone try sticking temperature probes inside their machines.
Motherboard voltage measurements are made by a variety of sensor chips which are capable of measuring a small positive voltage. GKrellM can display these voltage values and can apply a correction factor, offset, and for the negative voltages of some chips (lm80), a level shifting reference voltage to the displayed voltage. There are four cases to consider:
For cases 2 and 3, the sensor chip input network looks like:
Vs o----/\/\/---o-------------o Vin
R1 |
o--/\/\/--o Vref
R2
The problem then is to compute correction factors and offsets as a function of R1 and R2 so that GKrellM can display a computed motherboard voltage Vs as a function of a measured voltage Vin.
Since sensor chip input pins are high impedance, current into the pins may be assumed to be zero. In that case, the current through R1 equals current through R2, and we have:
(Vs - Vin)/R1 = (Vin - Vref)/R2
Solving for Vs as a function of Vin:
Vs = Vin * (1 + R1/R2) - (R1/R2) * Vref
So, the correction factor is: 1 + R1/R2
the correction offset is: - (R1/R2)
Vref is specified in the config separately from
the offset (for chips that need it).
Fortunately there seems to be a standard set of resistor values used for the various sensor chips which are documented in the lm_sensor documentation. The GKrellM sensor corrections are similar to the compute lines you find with lm_sensors, with the difference that lm_sensors has an expression evaluator which does not require that compute lines be simplified to the single factor and offset required by GKrellM. But you can easily calculate the factor and offset. For example, this lm_sensor compute line for a case 2 voltage:
compute in3 ((6.8/10)+1)*@ , @/((6.8/10)+1)
yields a correction factor of ((6.8/10)+1) = 1.68 and an offset of zero.
Note that the second compute line expression is not relevant in GKrellM because there is never any need to invert the voltage reading calculation. Also, the compute line '@' symbol represents the Vin voltage.
A more complicated compute line for a case 3 voltage:
compute in5 (160/35.7)*(@ - in0) + @, ...
can be rewritten:
compute in5 (1 + 160/35.7)*@ - (160/35.7)*in0, ...
so the correction factor is (1 + 160/35.7) = 5.48
and the correction offset is -(160/35.7) = -4.48
and the voltage reference Vref is in0
Here is a table of correction factors and offsets based on some typical compute line entries from /etc/sensors.conf:
Compute line Factor Offset Vref
-------------------------------------------------
lm80 in0 (24/14.7 + 1) * @ 2.633 0 -
in2 (22.1/30 + 1) * @ 1.737 0 -
in3 (2.8/1.9) * @ 1.474 0 -
in4 (160/30.1 + 1) * @ 6.316 0 -
in5 (160/35.7)*(@-in0) + @ 5.482 -4.482 in0
in6 (36/16.2)*(@-in0) + @ 3.222 -2.222 in0
LM78 in3 ((6.8/10)+1)*@ 1.68 0 -
in4 ((28/10)+1)*@ 3.8 0 -
in5 -(210/60.4)*@ -3.477 0 -
in6 -(90.9/60.4)*@ -1.505 0 -
w83782 in5 (5.14 * @) - 14.91 5.14 -14.91 -
in6 (3.14 * @) - 7.71 3.14 -7.71 -
Many monitors can be set up to launch a command when you click on the monitor label. When a command is configured for a monitor, its label is converted into a button which becomes visible when the mouse enters the panel or meter area of the label.
You can use the command launching feature to run commands related to monitoring functions, or you may use it to have a convenient launch for any command. Since gkrellm is usually made sticky, you can have easy access to several frequently used commands from any desktop. This is intended to be a convenience and a way to maximize utilization of screen real estate and not a replacement for more full featured command launching from desktops such as Gnome or KDE or others. Some launch ideas for some monitors could be:
And so on... Tooltips can be set up for these commands.
The sensor and APM monitors can have alerts configured to give warnings and alarms for data readings which range outside of configurable limits. A warning or alarm consists of an attention grabbing decal appearing and an optional command being executed.
Additionally, if you have the gvoice plugin and the ViaVoice libraries from IBM installed, a voice alert may be configured to get your attention.
A theme is a directory containing image files and a gkrellmrc configuration file. The directory should be installed as a subdirectory under your ~/.gkrellm/themes directory or under /usr/local/share/gkrellm/themes. Themes for gkrellm can be downloaded from http://www.muhri.net and once untarred can be selected from the Themes configuration tab.
gkrellm also searches /usr/share/gkrellm/themes for any system wide themes installed as part of a distribution. Finally, a theme you simply want to check out can be untarred anywhere and used by running:
gkrellm -t path_to_theme
If you are interested in writing a theme, go to the Themes page at http://www.gkrellm.net and there you will find a Theme making reference.
gkrellm tries to load all plugins (shared object files ending in .so) it finds in your plugin directory ~/.gkrellm/plugins. The directories /usr/local/lib/gkrellm/plugins and /usr/lib/gkrellm/plugins are also searched for plugins to install. For compatibility with pre 1.0.6 versions, plugins from the directories /usr/local/share/gkrellm/plugins and /usr/share/gkrellm/plugins are still installed, but this is not compatible with the FHS.
Some plugins may be available only as source files and they will have to be compiled before installation. There should be instructions for doing this with each plugin that comes in source form.
If you are interested in writing a plugin, go to the Plugins page at http://www.gkrellm.net and there you will find a Plugin programmers reference.
Bill Wilson <bill@gkrellm.net>. http://www.gkrellm.net/
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